DCAudioDIY.com
http://dcaudiodiy.com/phpBB3/

AC power quality story
http://dcaudiodiy.com/phpBB3/viewtopic.php?f=5&t=973
Page 3 of 4

Author:  dberning [ January 23rd, 2018, 11:16 am ]
Post subject:  Re: AC power quality story

It is most likely distortion rather than dc on the line. There could be dc current on the line if you have some half-wave rectifier-powered stuff, but it should be low power. The pole transformer would largely remove any dc voltage appearing on the line.

Power-factor correction is basically of two forms and addresses two different issues. Traditionally, power-factor correction involves placing additional reactive components on the power-distribution grid to alter phase to compensate for (generally) inductive loads such as motors. They usually use switched capacitors for this. This is less of a distortion issue than a phase issue.

The second issue for power factor is electronic loads. Diode rectification into capacitors causes current to be drawn in pulses, and this puts a lot of harmonic distortion on the line. This causes a lot of additional power loss, even to the point of severely reducing the amount of power that can be drawn from a (line) circuit. Line harmonics are of such a concern to the power company that end-use power-factor correction is now required in electronic equipment that draws above a certain threshold. This was 75 watts in the US some time ago, I don't know if that number has been made even more stringent recently. Most if not all of the new LED lamps include PFC even though they use much less than 75 watts. If you have a bunch of them, this is a big deal. I have been including it as standard in my amplifiers for about 10 years now. This type of PFC uses electronic means to reduce the distortion by causing the current to be drawn in phase with the voltage and to cause the current waveform to be reasonably sinusoidal rather than pulsating.

I put a significant effort to figure out how to do PFC, even though as a small manufacturer I don't think anybody would really challenge me for not having it. To me it makes sense not to put this distortion in the line where your audio system is because it is likely to affect other equipment in your system. At the very least you could expect buzzing transformers as noted above.

David

Author:  SoundMods [ January 23rd, 2018, 11:38 am ]
Post subject:  Re: AC power quality story

tomp wrote:
Pepco is like a lot of other utilities. Having loads on the grid that shift the power factor away from unity causes them a lot of problems so they install banks of switched capacitors to adjust the power factor. I don't know all the details but if you look at the poles in your area you might find a box connected to the high voltage lines. They must have some circuit to detect power factor and add or remove capacitors. These were probably used to balance inductive loads like motors and transformers that have leakage inductance but I wonder how the plethora of switch mode supplies affects their assumptions.



Why am I not surprised? They'll any method possible to milk every dollar out of every kW/hour. Good information -- by the way.

Author:  SoundMods [ January 23rd, 2018, 11:45 am ]
Post subject:  Re: AC power quality story

dberning wrote:
It is most likely distortion rather than dc on the line. There could be dc current on the line if you have some half-wave rectifier-powered stuff, but it should be low power. The pole transformer would largely remove any dc voltage appearing on the line.

Power-factor correction is basically of two forms and addresses two different issues. Traditionally, power-factor correction involves placing additional reactive components on the power-distribution grid to alter phase to compensate for (generally) inductive loads such as motors. They usually use switched capacitors for this. This is less of a distortion issue than a phase issue.

The second issue for power factor is electronic loads. Diode rectification into capacitors causes current to be drawn in pulses, and this puts a lot of harmonic distortion on the line. This causes a lot of additional power loss, even to the point of severely reducing the amount of power that can be drawn from a (line) circuit. Line harmonics are of such a concern to the power company that end-use power-factor correction is now required in electronic equipment that draws above a certain threshold. This was 75 watts in the US some time ago, I don't know if that number has been made even more stringent recently. Most if not all of the new LED lamps include PFC even though they use much less than 75 watts. If you have a bunch of them, this is a big deal. I have been including it as standard in my amplifiers for about 10 years now. This type of PFC uses electronic means to reduce the distortion by causing the current to be drawn in phase with the voltage and to cause the current waveform to be reasonably sinusoidal rather than pulsating.

I put a significant effort to figure out how to do PFC, even though as a small manufacturer I don't think anybody would really challenge me for not having it. To me it makes sense not to put this distortion in the line where your audio system is because it is likely to affect other equipment in your system. At the very least you could expect buzzing transformers as noted above.

David



It has come to where the utilities simply don't just generate power they manipulate it to squeeze every dollar out of it. BTW -- also good input.

As far as L.E.D. lamps are concerned they actually come in two basic "flavors." The basic types you can buy at the store that have a D.C. power supply that generates a crap load of RF -- and some of the more industrial types that are self-powered by stringing the diodes together for the AC voltage they are powered by.

Author:  DaveR [ January 23rd, 2018, 1:18 pm ]
Post subject:  Re: AC power quality story

HAL wrote:
Glad the SMPS are working. Those amps are beasts.


I know you mean that in the nicest possible way. :D

Author:  Cogito [ January 23rd, 2018, 2:42 pm ]
Post subject:  Re: AC power quality story

DaveR wrote:
The common thinking on line is you have a DC component on the line. .


While on the subject of DC in AC power line, what DC voltage is considered problematic to torroids?

Just yesterday, I was thinking of building a DC filter. Unfortunately, I dont have an accurate digital multimeter like Fluke yet. $20 auto ranging multi meter reads .1 VDC.

I am getting a faint hum from my preamp. Are EI-Core power transformers also susceptible to DC voltage? I am suspecting its either DC or the EMI from power transfomer to the inductors. They are physically too close.

Shall try turning the inductors and see if that helps.
Any suggestions of EMI shield material?

Author:  tomp [ January 23rd, 2018, 3:20 pm ]
Post subject:  Re: AC power quality story

At line frequencies or other low frequencies the best shielding is distance. That is why I try to put transformers in a separate housing away from the audio circuits. In with the transformer is the rectification and one stage of filtering so I am sending DC over the interconnect which will reduce radiated energy. If you can't do that then placement and orientation of the transformer can help. If none of those work, high permeability materials such as mu metal can be used. Here is a useful link:

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electromagnetic_shielding

Author:  SoundMods [ January 23rd, 2018, 5:19 pm ]
Post subject:  Re: AC power quality story

tomp wrote:
At line frequencies or other low frequencies the best shielding is distance. That is why I try to put transformers in a separate housing away from the audio circuits. In with the transformer is the rectification and one stage of filtering so I am sending DC over the interconnect which will reduce radiated energy. If you can't do that then placement and orientation of the transformer can help. If none of those work, high permeability materials such as mu metal can be used. Here is a useful link:

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electromagnetic_shielding



Even with that I have had to on a "hum" witch hunt. I finally won the battle last year, but it will drive one crazy.

Author:  tomp [ January 24th, 2018, 9:51 am ]
Post subject:  Re: AC power quality story

Noise of any sort in a system is one of the biggest PITA. As Walt says you just have to gut it out. Last weekend I had a friend put a new piece of equipment into his system and he had a noise problem that was not there when he had it on the test bench. Imagine that! Something worked differently when introduced into the system. :o I told him that he would just have to look at all the possible points that noise could enter but there was no way I could diagnose it remotely.

Author:  SoundMods [ January 24th, 2018, 10:18 am ]
Post subject:  Re: AC power quality story

tomp wrote:
Noise of any sort in a system is one of the biggest PITA. As Walt says you just have to gut it out. Last weekend I had a friend put a new piece of equipment into his system and he had a noise problem that was not there when he had it on the test bench. Imagine that! Something worked differently when introduced into the system. :o I told him that he would just have to look at all the possible points that noise could enter but there was no way I could diagnose it remotely.



That's the problem -- it's a damn "moving target." And you don't know how it can corrupt the reproduction quality until you get rid of it. I can remove a powerline filter from any one of my components and hear the end result. It can be subtle but aggravating. The best purchase I ever made was the PS Audio isolation transformer. You wouldn't think that a transformer with electrostatic shielding would be that effective, but I found it is. I found that the noise has a smearing effect on the playback quality that you wouldn't realize was there until you get rid of it.

Author:  Pelliott321 [ January 24th, 2018, 10:38 am ]
Post subject:  Re: AC power quality story

In my house in Takoma Park in the middle 90's I had noisy backgrounds. When I was checking that all my equipment was properly wired to the mains, I discovered a potential between house ground and neutral.
Not wanting to fool with the mains wiring I just sunk another ground rod and ran a low ga wire from the new ground to my system ground. This cleaned up the noise and gave me beautifully quiet background.
I have since then become braver in working around the mains wiring and one of the first things I did when I moved in this house in 2003 was to check the quality of all connections in the mains breaker box. I found many loose and dirty connections. I feel this should be SOP, especially for anyone concerned with thier music system.

Page 3 of 4 All times are UTC - 5 hours [ DST ]
Powered by phpBB® Forum Software © phpBB Group
https://www.phpbb.com/